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Elizaveta Grigorevna Polonskaya (), born Movshenson ((ロシア語:Мовшенсо́н); – January 11, 1969), was a Russian Jewish poet, translator, and journalist, the only female member of the Serapion Brothers.〔Leslie Dorfman Davis, ''Serapion Sister: The Poetry of Elizaveta Polonskaja'', p. 1.〕 ==Early life== Elizaveta (Liza) Movshenson was born in Warsaw (in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire); her father, Grigory Lvovich Movshenson, was an engineer who had graduated with high honors from the Riga Polytechnical Institute and her mother, Charlotta Ilinichna (née Meylakh), came from a large Jewish merchant family in Białystok.〔 Her family's first language was Russian, but Liza was also taught French, German, Italian, and English.〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 18.〕 Because of her father's status, he was granted the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement, and the family moved quite often. Just after Liza's birth, they moved to Łódź, where she spent most of her childhood.〔(Elizaveta Polonskaya (1890–1969) ), ''The People of the Book in the World of Books'' 86 (June 2010).〕 Movshenson was formally educated at the women's gymnasium where she became interested in politics. Movshenson joined (with the help of her mother) secret groups studying Belinsky and political economy.〔 However, she also studied Judaism with a rabbi, and "not only the stories themselves but also the biblical language (albeit in Russian translation) made a deep impression on her; her solemn, rhetorical verse is often marked by Slavonicisms."〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 19.〕 Worried by the 1905 pogroms, her father sent Liza, her mother, and her brother Alexander to Berlin, where Charlotta's sister Fanny lived; there Liza joined another young people's study group, where she first read Marx.〔 The following year the family moved to St. Petersburg, where she began to work for the Bolshevik cell in the Semyannikov section of the Nevskaya Zastava district, occasionally being sent to Finland to pick up leaflets from Vladimir Lenin to distribute in St. Petersburg.〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 20.〕 In 1908, in order to avoid arrest and to further her education, she went to Paris, where she enrolled in the medical school of the Sorbonne.〔 She attended meetings of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, where she met young people who shared her love of poetry and introduced her to the Russian symbolist poets, who made a deep impression on her.〔 In 1909 these friends introduced her to Ilya Ehrenburg, a meeting that was significant for both of them. For a time they were inseparable, and it was she who introduced Ehrenburg to modern poetry and inspired his first verses, as he describes in his memoirs.〔Ilya Ehrenburg, ''Люди, годы, жизнь'' (Sovetsky pisatel', 1961), p. 114: Лиза страстно любила поэзию; она мне читала стихи Бальмонта, Брюсова, Блока. Я подтрунивал над Надей Львовой, когда она говорила, что Блок — большой поэт. Лизе я не смел противоречить. Возвращаясь от неё домой, я бормотал: "Замолкает светлый ветер, наступает серый вечер..." Почему ветер светлый? Этого я не мог себе объяснить, но чувствовал, что он действительно светлый. Я начал брать в "Тургенева" стихи современных поэтов и вдруг понял, что стихами можно сказать то, чего не скажешь прозой. А мне нужно было сказать Лизе очень многое...〕 Leslie Dorfman Davis writes: "Aside from poetry, Erenburg and Movšenson shared a satirical impulse which provoked disapproval from some of their older comrades. () Movšenson and Erenburg () published two journals, ''Byvšie ljudi'' (''Former People'') and ''Tixoe semejstvo'' (''A Quiet Family''), in which they 'rather caustically, without any sort of reverence, mocked the manners of the Bolshevik circle, insulting even the 'chiefs' (Plexanov, Lenin, Trotskij), and therefore had a sensational response.' () Although they quarreled and Erenburg fell in love with another woman, Ekaterina Schmidt, he and Movšenson remained friends and corresponded until his death."〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 21.〕 While in Paris, Liza became acquainted with both Russian and French writers and drifted away from her affiliation with the Bolsheviks; unlike other members of the émigré community (but like Ehrenburg), she was fluent in French and immersed in the intellectual and artistic life of the city.〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 22.〕 It was also in Paris that she published her first poems.〔 In 1914 she graduated from medical school, and after the outbreak of the First World War, she worked for a few months at a hospital in Nancy and then helped run a newly organized military hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine.〔 In March 1915 she learned that Russian doctors who had trained abroad were being urged to return and receive Russian diplomas so they could serve on the Eastern Front, and she made her way back to Russia via a steamship to Greece and a train through the Balkans.〔 On her arrival in Petrograd, she found her family mourning her father's death; she received her diploma from the University of Tartu and the title of ''lekar (physician) in July and went to the Galician front, where she remained until April 1917 supervising an epidemiological division.〔 It was during this period that she met an engineer named Lev Davidovich Polonsky in Kiev; they became lovers and had a son, Mikhail.〔 Although they did not marry (the relationship ended because of another woman to whom he was already engaged), Liza took his family name (she was known as Polonskaya for the rest of her life), and the two kept up a correspondence. He asked her to marry him after his wife died, but she refused, preferring her independence).〔 She left her infant son with her family and briefly returned to the front.〔Davis, ''Serapion Sister'', p. 23.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Elizaveta Polonskaya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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